{"id":11604,"date":"2020-01-06T15:29:53","date_gmt":"2020-01-06T04:29:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.phototimetunnel.com\/?p=11604"},"modified":"2023-09-15T08:57:13","modified_gmt":"2023-09-14T22:57:13","slug":"coal-pile-to-the-moon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.phototimetunnel.com\/coal-pile-to-the-moon","title":{"rendered":"Coal pile to the moon"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

To the moon, with plenty left over.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That\u2019s how far the coal mined from the Hunter Valley in NSW\nduring the decade up to 2010 would have reached, if it had been stacked into a two-square-metre\npillar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I did that calculation when I was working as a reporter at The\nNewcastle Herald<\/em>, the newspaper serving the city of Newcastle. Newcastle is\nthe second city of NSW and lies at the mouth of the Hunter Valley. It is often\nreputed to be the world\u2019s largest coal port, in terms of volume.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My figures didn\u2019t count the coal extracted from the early 19th<\/sup> century – when mining began in Newcastle – to the year 2000, and of course they didn\u2019t count the tonnage mined since 2010. If you took those tonnages into account you could probably triple the thickness of the coal column to the moon and still have plenty left over to start building the next column.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I\u2019m no mathematician, but before the newspaper would publish\nmy article, the editors insisted that mathematicians from Newcastle University\ncheck my figures, which they did. And once the article was published, no challenge\nto its accuracy came from the coal industry, which is always quick to correct\nthe record if it feels its business is being maligned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

158 million tonnes in 2018<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Not that the coal industry would be in any way ashamed, I suppose. Digging and selling coal is its aim, and success is measured in growing tonnages through the port. In 2018 Newcastle exported 158.6 million tonnes of coal, slightly down from the record 159 million tonnes of 2017. Back in the year 2000, total exports for the year were just under 70 million tonnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Those are impressive sales figures. But the image of that gigantic\ncolumn reaching into space is sobering, isn\u2019t it?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And where is that coal now? The material that once lay\nbeneath the rich Hunter Valley, a valley once renowned as one of the most fertile\nand productive in Australia has mostly been sent overseas to be used to fire boilers\nand generate electricity. Some was used in the Hunter Valley\u2019s own big thermal\npower stations (Bayswater and Eraring were, at the time, the biggest in\nAustralia). And some was exported to use in steelmaking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Whatever the use it was put to, that coal has been burned.\nIts stored energy has been extracted and used and only the by-products remain. For\nevery four to eight tonnes of coal burned, a tonne of ash is left behind. This\nis an intractable product, and most countries stockpile it in dams where it can\nbecome unstable and cause environmental damage. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Just as a matter of interest, if the Hunter Valley had to\naccept all the ash from its exported coal back from its various customers, it\nwould \u2013 by the above numbers \u2013 form a very big mountain indeed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A tonne of coal makes more than two tonnes of CO2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Apart from the ash, you get the waste gases. Nitrous oxide,\nsulphur dioxide and other unpleasant stuff mostly gets vented into the air,\nalong with carbon dioxide. Carbon emitted from burning coal combines with oxygen\nfrom the air, so burning a tonne of coal creates between two and three tonnes\nof carbon dioxide, each of which occupies a volume of about 550 cubic metres.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, if Newcastle exports 150 million tonnes of coal in a\nyear, and that coal is all burned, then that\u2019s more than 400 million tonnes of CO2\nadded to the atmosphere. Multiply that by 550 and you get the volume of the\ngreenhouse gas added to the atmosphere in a year thanks to Hunter Valley coal,\nnot counting the coal burned within Australia and not counting greenhouse gases\nliberated in the mining process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The world is a big place, of course, and the atmosphere is quite\nenormous. That\u2019s why some people like to insist \u2013 against decades of expert\nadvice and against past acknowledgements by coal and oil companies themselves \u2013\nthat these volumes of human-generated carbon dioxide make no effective\ndifference to the world\u2019s atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bear in mind though, the Hunter Valley is just one coal\nproducing region among many around the world. And we haven\u2019t even talked here\nabout all the petroleum products extracted and burned around the world since\nthe 1800s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The attitude of those who are determined \u2013 against advice\nand against evidence \u2013 to believe that fossil fuel burning should continue as\nlong as we can make it continue, makes me think of the story of an ancient\nfamily of bacteria that evolved on Earth two or three billion years ago. We\nknow these bacteria existed because they left vast deposits of iron ore as\ntheir legacy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accidental suicide of a species<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Scientists believe that the earliest bacteria took chemical nutrients\nfrom water and in some cases used hydrogen drawn from hydrogen sulphate gas to\nfuel photosynthesis. At a certain point some of the bacteria found a way to\nmine hydrogen from water, a very abundant source. This advance set the stage for\nlong-term massive growth in the worldwide population of the organism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The chemistry of the new process, however, carried a cost.\nSplitting a water molecule gave the hungry bacteria two atoms of sought-after hydrogen,\nbut it also released an atom of reactive oxygen into the water. Over millions\nof years this process, with nothing to interrupt it, \u201cpolluted\u201d the oceans and\neventually the atmosphere with oxygen. Dissolved iron in the seas reacted with\nthe oxygen atoms, forming rust, which settled to the ocean floors and became the\nvast iron ore deposits that humans exploit today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to author Reg Morrison, in his book Plague Species<\/em><\/a>: \u201cThere has never been another pollution event to match the oxygenation of the atmosphere. Originally absent from the Earth\u2019s atmosphere, oxygen now makes up more than one-fifth of it. This accumulation of bacterial oxygen in the biosphere would have been nothing short of catastrophic to the life-forms that preceded it, yet without it we would not exist. It was the leakage of bacterial oxygen from the sea into the atmosphere that turned Earth\u2019s skies blue and built the radiation shield that eventually allowed larger life forms to venture from their watery birthplace and colonise the high ground. And it is that same bacterial oxygen that now fuels the muscular machinery of the entire animal world.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So it seems that however much some people may wish to\nbelieve that our incremental changes to our environment don\u2019t matter in the\ngrand scheme of the total biosphere, they can, they do, they are and they will.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ancient bacteria were unable to change their programmed behaviour or their destiny. They changed the world, however, by changing the composition of its atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadly, we humans seem to be acting as though our own destiny\nwere equally pre-ordained.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

To the moon, with plenty left over. That\u2019s how far the coal mined from the Hunter Valley in NSW during the decade up to 2010 would have reached, if it had been stacked into a two-square-metre pillar. I did that calculation when I was working as a reporter at The Newcastle Herald, the newspaper serving […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11605,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ocean_post_layout":"right-sidebar","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"ocs-gregs-blog","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"on","ocean_display_header":"on","ocean_header_style":"custom","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"12974","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"on","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[5039,635],"tags":[1641,1175,1644,687,1845],"yoast_head":"\nCoal pile to the moon - Photo Time Tunnel<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.phototimetunnel.com\/coal-pile-to-the-moon\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Coal pile to the moon - Photo Time Tunnel\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"To the moon, with plenty left over. 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That\u2019s how far the coal mined from the Hunter Valley in NSW during the decade up to 2010 would have reached, if it had been stacked into a two-square-metre pillar. 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